Modern Tech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern Tech - Essay Example The unchallenged power of plethora of books, journals and other sources of primary information are not in question here, rather the question lies in whether internet and the new media superstructure has overtaken the conventional modes of information as in case of print, radio and television with relation to speed of distribution and the scope of universal followership with one click. The need for better information served faster to the multitudes craving for better and more efficient modes of information distribution has been the propelling factor in the unchallenged reign of internet as a vital source of information, or mis-information as the case may be. The contentious issue facing the public at large is the possibility of internet replacing books, journals, even libraries in becoming the primary source of information. The net has also overtaken the traditional trusted source for news ie; TV. This was evident in the 9/11 attacks on World trade centre wherein there was a surge of ‘flash crowd’ on the net trying to get the information and details as they had no access to TV at their workplace.

Conceptualization of the study Essay Example for Free

Conceptualization of the study Essay Traditionally since its inception, The Black Church in America has been a symbol of unity in the black community. In times of crisis it has cut across various religious positions and has served as a spiritual base camp for blacks in America for many years. It has also played a role in community participation, social activities and provided care for the sick and a place of refuge for the poor. During the civil rights movement the black community looked to the church leaders as an instrument that could effect change for their social conditions. During that time, black church leaders were influential to many of the social changes that we partake of today. Any important institution of society will have a number of roles and functions, and thus, an impact upon its membership. The Black church is no exception. In his study of the Black church, distinguished social scientist E. Franklin Frazier included a chapter, â€Å"The Black Church: Nation within a Nation,† in which he saw the church as an â€Å"agency of social control,’’ as an â€Å"economic cooperative,’’ as an â€Å"educational institution,’’ as an â€Å"arena of political life,’’ and as a â€Å"refuge in a hostile white world: (Frazier, 1964). These functions—political, economic, social, and security—all attest to the secular scope of the Black church. Some students of the Black church have supported this view of the church’s secular function. An example is Joseph Washington, Jr. (1964), referring to the work of the late Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. as an extension of the religious role of the church into the civil rights area. Although Washington viewed King’s philosophy as a perversion of the uses of Christian theology, and tended to view this activity as negative, his rationale was based on a lack of emphasis on theology in the Black church. Other writers have tended to support the view that, the function of the Black church was not so much to foster the spiritual growth of its members by its adherence to and development of the normal Christian theology of the church, as it was to serve their spiritually-related secular needs. St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton, for instance, say in their study of the Black church in Chicago in the 1930’s: The Negro Church is ostensibly a â€Å"religious organization,’’ but Bronzeville expects it, too, to â€Å"advance the race. † Negro Baptists think of their congregation as a â€Å"Race Church,† and their leaders concern themselves with such matters as fighting the job ceiling and demanding equal economic opportunity as well as â€Å"serving the Lord. † (Drake and Cayton, 1970 Pg 167). Kelly Miller also says that the Black church â€Å" was not yet able to formulate a theological statement of its doctrine,’’ that it broke from the white church and â€Å"decided to go worship God under its own fig tree,† and in so doing, developed a distinctive orientation (Miller, 1968). Others, however, such as Gayraud S. Wilmore and James Cone, built on the Drake and Cayton notion of the Black church as a â€Å"race church. † They outlined the tendency of the Black church to be responsive to the dominant forces in the Black community by pointing to the compatibility between the â€Å"Blackness† of the church and the dominant ideologies—such as Black power—in the community (Wilmore, 1973; Cone, 1969). Assuming these notions are true, it should be possible to test a theory of the responsiveness of the Black Church. Learning more about the function of the Black church is made urgent by the increased necessity for it to be responsive to the social needs of the Black community. The nature of these social needs is made urgent by the many new problems, of this age. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND PURPOSE Today’s Problems which relate to the role of the church in secular activities is in its relationship to black families. The number of black families headed by black females has continued to rise over the years verses other ethnic groups. This dramatic rise may be attributed to an increase in babies born out of wedlock, divorce and separations, all of which have more serious underlying causes, and which also have ramifications on the ability to maintain adequate income for provisional needs. The church formerly was the home for many entire extended families in the Black community; as such, it played a role in establishing standards of conduct; legitimizing births, marriages, and deaths; educating and caring for children; and counseling married individuals. Consequently, the church was a resource center for the Black family, and played a role in its survival. If there are now new pressures on the family which—in addition to employment-related difficulties—threaten the survival of the family, it is also worthwhile to assess the modern role of the church and the extent to which it provides services to meet these new needs. In light of the current problems facing the Black community, it is appropriate and necessary that a new assessment be made of the various institutions within the community which played a role in its progress. PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY The purpose of this study is to ascertain the present-day role of the Black church as a community institution, particularly with respect to the views of the church’s leadership, membership, and individuals in the community. To what extent, if any, does the church leadership believe that the Black church should be involved in the community? How do church members perceive the scope of the church as it relates to non-secular activities? And to what extent do residents, especially non-church members, view the church as a community resource? IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY 1. To gain insight of how church leaders and members, perceive the role of the Black church in the 21st Century. 2. To understand the communities view of what role the church should play in the political, social and economic activities of the community. 3. To define to what extent the black church will sponsor religious and secular programs. ASSUMPTIONS This study was prepared based upon the following assumptions: 1. To assist the church in bridging the gap and being more effective in its mission to serve through its activities. 2. To broaden the awareness of church leaders and members on the needs of the black community it serves. 3. To demonstrate to local leaders the contributions the black church has to offer for the welfare of its citizens. 4. To identify church programs that shows potential for future community growth. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study will be limited in the following way: 1. The primary focus of this study is to identify the impact of the black church in the community in which it exists. DEFINITION OF TERMS The following terms are defined to clarify their meaning in the context of study: Culture: The acquired knowledge, traits and symbols of a society Community: A group of people living in the same locally and under the same government. Secular: Not specifically relating to religion or to a religious body. METHOD OF STUDY This action research study will utilize action research, implementing quantitative research techniques. Quantitative research was selected for this study because it generates the comprehensive data needed for verification of results. ACTION RESEARCH The primary research method selected for this study is action research, because action research is concerned with improving a specific situation. Isaac and Michael validated the appropriateness of action research by confirming that it provides an organized structure to develop new skills or new approaches and so to solve problems with direct application to the classroom or working world setting. They suggested an orderly framework for problem solving and new developments that are superior to the impressionistic, fragmentary approach that typifies developments in education (1974, 13-30). Lewin, however, is credited with developing the term action research in 1944. He described the method as a cyclic operation in which the researcher is a participant in the process rather than a disinterested observer. The following steps are included in an action research study: (1) a planning or conceptualization step; (2) research or a fact-finding step; (3) an evaluation step; and (4) an execution step (1948, 34-36) Fermin and Levin in 1975 further described the research design as a preliminary and flexible strategy of investigation strategy of investigation or plan of action. The research is aimed at discovering â€Å"why,† and as a result, focuses centrally upon explaining social or political phenomena with answers of a theoretical nature. The research operates at a fuller or higher level of description, which includes making rational statements containing reasons or causes for behavior. Borg argued that action research design has as the chief benefit (1) a practical solution to a problem that may lead to a permanent improvement in the research environment; (2) it is the most appropriate method when practical significance is required rather than statistical and (3) the applicability of the finds are immediate and often of permanent improvement (1963, 319-322). QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Isaac and Michael described quantitative research as allowing the researcher to formulate research questions or hypotheses and then to test each under controlled conditions. They decided its greatest merit is the convincing nature of hard data collected that can speak for itself (1974, 354-355). PROCEDURES To conduct this study, the following actions will be taken regarding each of the objectives: First objective: To identify and report the desired behaviors required for future Christian education leaders. 1. The literature of the field will be reviewed in the following areas: (a) Biblical context, (b) Church History, and (c) contemporary ministry. 2. The findings of the literature will be reported in chapter 2. Second objective: To validate the behaviors identified in the literature review. In order for the inventory of behaviors to be comprehensive, Flanagan stated that it is necessary to obtain a sufficiently representative sample (1949, 343). a) The degree of mutuality existing among the behaviors reported will be identified with respect to the different clusters. b) The number of behaviors will continue to be reduced by combining similar behaviors and writing new descriptions without regard for specific categories. c) The final inventory of administrative behaviors will be produced by the researcher. 2. The findings of the inventory of behaviors will be reported in chapter 3. Third objective: To make appropriate recommendations on the selection and training of future education administrators. 1. The study, including the findings of objectives 1 and 2 will be reviewed and summarized. 2. Appropriate conclusions will be drawn. 3. Specific recommendation which emerge from the study will be made, including suggestions for utilization of the competency areas recommended by the study, and suggestions for further research. 4. The summary, conclusions, and recommendation including check list will be reported in chapter 4. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY The study will be organized into four chapters in accordance with the Action Research, as table 1 displays. TABLE 1 Organization of the study based on action research Action Research Steps Chapters 1 2 3 4 Planning/Conceptualization X Fact Finding X X X Evaluation X Chapter 1 has stated the problem and purpose, explained the importance of the study, and stated the method. Chapter 2 will survey the literature to identify and report behaviors required to effectively analyze the characteristics of the church leaders, church members and surrounding neighborhood. Chapter 3 will report the validated behaviors for the role of the church. Chapter 4 will review and summarized the study, offer appropriate conclusion and discuss recommendations for change and future study. CHAPTER 2 CHARACTERISTICS We expect every church planter either black or white to be a good leader. Everyone else who knows about leader and his ministry, even including his group people expect it too. This is truly right no matter who a church planter is, may be any man or woman, may be a minister having both in church and outside of the church jobs. He may be a permanent pastor. Every church planter must enquire about his personality by self-questioning in such a personal way so that obtaining answers can help him to be sure about his decision and can help him to find out his true calling these answer can also help planter to know his future as a leader of his group. Our own understanding taught us about good leaders and leadership which we learned by working with different leaders. These leaders are the ones that people have known, read or watched about them. A successful leader has four elements including organization second program third morale and forth leadership. The greatest of four is leadership. Although morale is condition of mind and character that shows the person is brave. It also includes ability to do things with full trust on your self. The organizational element is based on morale followers; program of a church goes where the leadership goes. People have studied different kinds of leaders in secular history and in the Bible. The Lord Jesus Christ is their example as a true leader in Christian service. In the Bible God chose many people as leaders in His work for example Abraham, Noah, Nehemiah, Joseph, Paul and Daniel. Whenever the God leads anyone to think, about going into the Christian ministry he must look for a person who could demonstrate Him, what His person really used to be. A question also rises of what does God require of that person as His leader? And what it takes to be a good leader? The needed qualities of a Christian leader or a church planter should be as the Joseph had he even became a picture or copy of Jesus Christ. Josephs acts and character were good qualities for a church leader any church leader with these characteristics will definitely have success. â€Å"It is vital that counselors who collaborate with African American congregations understand that titles and the values assigned to them can be very important in the Black church and within many African American families. Counselors who do not use the formal titles of ministers, church leaders, older church members, and members who have earned doctoral degrees run the risk of hampered rapport. † (2005, 147) The God selected some of His people to be prophets, apostles, pastors, missionaries, and teachers, so that His people would be taught to serve and would become strong. This will carry on until we are united on accepting the Son of God by our faith. All the church has realized the need for leadership; they spend a big part of their life with the life of the church. People often think about the job of church leaders without attempting to connect their roles to the nature and purpose of the church. It means that church leaders become functionaries rather than ministers and become organization maintainers rather than church mission leader. But true black church leader as a person is that who uses his gifts to facilitate others in ministry, and then making suggestions and observations for implications to church. TESTIMONY OF PERSONAL CONNECTION WITH GOD When we talk about a church leader having a testimony, it proofs that God is with the leader and leader is with God. A church leader seeks a leadership ministry in Gods service and discusses his personal experience in the Christ. Sharing of a Christian testimony with others in public is the result of that personal experience. â€Å"The LORD was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man; and he was in the house of his master the Egyptian† (Genesis 39:2) Private and public life of a church leader, as a Christian, supports his testimony and influences others to become Christian. People expect church leader to be person who follows words and prayers of God. A church leader demonstrates people by giving example of personal closeness to God in his private and public. People judge their weaknesses with the help of purposeful Christian testimony of the leader. A church leader witnesses for Christ through his hands, lips, works and entire life. STRONG CERTAINTY AS A CHURCH LEADER Certainty represents freedom and surety of fact from doubt. It means a church leader is ahead of all other people sent by God. A church leader has a sense of call to be Gods leader so it gives him a special desire for leadership ministry. It also gives him a deep faith that God has His hands in his progress. It helps in making him sure that God wants him to be a church leader. â€Å"†¦. God sent me ahead of you†¦.. to preserve for you a remnant on earth †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. it was not you who sent me here, but God† (Gen 45. 5,7,8). His firm belief gives him inner faith and courage and helps him to go through hard times in his work by staying firmly on the job until finish it according to God’s order. He does his job with dignity and proud character and blessings of the God who asked him to lead and serve. â€Å"Paul, a bond-servant of Christ Jesus, called as an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God† (Romans 1). The ministry requires church leaders to be certain of their calling as Gods leaders. INTEGRITY BEING A PART OF PERSONALITY Integrity is being truthful and honest. It also refers moral excellence and living and doing in a right manner. A church leader is true to him-self and keeps him-self pure and honorable. He knows the importance to keep integrity in front of God and people. Integrity as a needed quality for church leaders, and a church leader is free from any blame. He stands for God before his group and the people inside and outside of the church. A church planter makes a new church healthy when he has integrity in his private and public life. He knows how important it is for him to have authority as a leader, not only for just leadership but a church leader shows it in daily life. People need church leaders having integrity in their personality to teach them the difference between the right and wrong and help them choosing the right. DISTINCT CAPABILITIES When we talk about capabilities it represents fitness or ability. Distinct capability of a church leader enables him to do his job in a good manner wherever he serves people. Church leaders are good mentors they are wise and trusted persons who give advices. A church leader keeps on improving his talent by using his mentor and measuring obtaining results. People think that the greatest ability of a church leader is that, he depends only on God to avoid making mistakes in delivering his services to both God and people. Ability for church leading or planting is one of the parts of learnt talents of a church leader. USE OF AUTHORITY A church leader should use his authority properly which is given by the God and community. A church leader is not a good leader if no one is following him. People obey him because of his owning authority and their trust on his authority. Church leaders know above all else, that their power as a leader came from God. They receive authority and become God’s witnesses when the Holy Spirit appears on them. A church leader understands that his leadership power comes from the God and understands that those, whom he serves, give him authority as a leader. â€Å"A Christian does not forget that his leadership depends on responsibility that goes with authority† (2-corinthians-5:9) A church leader uses these blessings for establishing of the groups or churches, his position as a leader is to achieve success in carrying out Gods purpose. If a church leader uses his authority in a wrong or bad use then he will definitely suffer for his doings. The church leaders should not forget that their leaderships depend on responsibility and their authority goes with equal responsibility. It means they should be able to believe and precede these authorities in a reasonable manner. ACCOUNTABLE A church leader is responsible for using church assets and other resources in an appropriate manner – he should be accountable for himself. So Pharaoh said to Joseph, Im putting you in charge of the whole land of Egypt’ (Genesis 41:41). They trusted Joseph because of his self accountability. People who follow and support a church leader do not question about his plans for them. He opens his books for others to see and believes that honesty is a good policy. Church leaders spend their life on good and respected principles, the God and people expect that every church leader must have all of the qualities of Abraham, Noah, etc. A Church leader in leadership position is believed accountable and honest Christian leader. He needs to love the God’s messenger’s reports or reviews and do what they do. The reports or reviews help him to improve from good to a better leader. A church leader makes decisions according to religious possibilities; he accepts responsibility for the obtaining result of his decisions. People usually do not consider religious aspects in their routine they read religious books like open letters. A church leader knows how to make good decisions, he then lives with the decisions that he has made and accepts responsibility for his works. PLANS AND DIRECT ACTIONS A church leader knows how to plan and direct actions to avoid any mistakes being made. He formulates and deploys plans to achieve objectives – he directs the work accordingly until it finishes. He creates different questions in his mind; for example, what to do, why to do it, when to do it, how to do it, who to do, and how to finish it. A church leader’s plans are simple, people who work as group members and other people who follow him understand his plans clearly. He forms teams and give them duties so that they can work with authority and responsibility. He makes rules that people accept to follow. The God wants a church leader to share His vision with his team members and people. A good church leader knows how to put the God given plan into practice. A church leader is the person who influences his team members and leads team members to carry out the agreed objectives, by following the example of the Christ. People under him follow his way of life; a church leader gets people to act on church and mission goals, and he also ministers the need of people. A Church leader humbly realizes that he needs Gods help and needs it in developing good plans that will work for others. These working plans then successfully meet the desired goals. A church leader does not build plans for other people to merely honor them, but he does it for the good of his people with everlasting results. UNCHANGED LOYALTY A church leader demonstrates loyalty that never changes. A church leader is faithful to his promises and duties. He never finds fault in his job; people respect him as a man of God living among them. A church leader gives his life to Gods mission and purpose and spends his entire life doing it. Loyalty being a leadership quality, a church leader is always loyal to God and his people. A church leader needs loyalty to start and grow a church or group. A loyal church leader is the base of a healthy church to grow and a key element for a church to produce other churches. A church leader influences others in his ministry through his loyalty to Jesus Christ as the Savior and Lord. A loyal church leader produces loyal members he starts and finishes his job with his team very well. A successful Christian leader is always keen and willing to work with a community or groups. He has a strong desire to develop community services together. USE OF GOD’S GIFTS God has gifted all people with different abilities and characteristics. Nowadays, this divine gift directs people to serve churches, as ushers, church school teachers, financial officers, directors of food pantries, youth leaders, and in so many other roles. It all starts with gifts, which can be utilized in a variety of ways. Gifts are given by the God to everyone. The God doesn’t limit the gifts to his people, so we shouldn’t limit leadership to others. The potential to lead by using gifts for enabling others in ministry does not requires intelligence, education, economic status, age, gender, or any other human distinction. â€Å"Children and youth, as well as adults, all are gifted. Women and men, boys and girls have all been gifted which they can use in leadership of a church. It does not mean, however, that everyone should be an administrator of a church†. Gifts are several and of different nature, the variety of these gifts is much greater than churches usually realize. There are many gifts beyond the gifts that are usually used in preaching, teaching, and committee work. If one is to use all God given gifts for his leadership within a church, he/she must discover that wide range of gifts, and welcome the spirit to employ them. It is not always an easy task for a human to identify gifts since gifts have strange way of hiding themselves, particularly from those people who hold them. God’s given gifts are so much a part of our personality that people not likely to think of them as gifts. For example, if a person is a good organizer, he must recognize this specialty and take it as a gift given by God. As God’s gifts are discovered by interacting with others. However, discovering gifts is not enough because many people use there gifts haphazardly, with no attention to their development. God’s given gift’s effectiveness can be significantly enhanced through intentional development of them. For example, if a person with natural painting ability can choose not to practice or take lessons and keep his ability as hobby and keeps his gift undefined from being fully utilized for service. The church leaders provide opportunities to people for training and development of Gods given gifts. They are intentional about using these gifts of children and youth in future leadership. The church leaders encourage their members to affirm and identify one another’s gifts. People discover and experiments their gifts in an atmosphere of acceptance provided by the church leader. A church leader expands his understanding in order to be comprehensive and not neglect people’s gifts. CHURCH LEADER ENABLES OTHERS A church leader uses his gifts to enable others to discover, develops, and use their God’s given gifts. A church leader truly enables other people helping them to become God‘s intended persons. This is not a true leadership to just manipulate others to act in a certain manner. A church leader puts aside his or own ego needs and coach others in such a way that help them blossom. The key function of a church leader is to facilitate others by helping them in discovering, developing, and effectively utilizing their God given gifts. Church leaders have five essential components to enable people. These are helping them to gain knowledge, encourage personal growth, assist them in working with others, aid in skill development, and provide appropriate settings. Here the term â€Å"Knowledge† is about information of the Christian traditions, quality Bible study, the nature and mission of the church, and the expert knowledge related to particular areas of services. The personal growth includes people growth as they develop awareness of giftedness, self knowledge, and understanding of purpose, which is firmly stable in a relationship with Jesus Christ. A church leader is able to work well with others; it is an essential element of the leadership. Skills development includes effective communication, managing small group, organization, and having healthy relationships with others that is beneficial for his ministry. A church leader gives importance to people using their gifts in such circumstance that improve potential of their success. The role of a church leader is not always immediate or direct. If a person who provides nurture to young children is providing early enabling for the leadership of others. Therefore, a church leader needs to be seen in his every task in terms of how it enables people for ministry. The Church leadership as a service may be a new perception for some people, so the church needs to have deep study that explores up Jesus’ own servant leadership model. A church leader must provide opportunities and safe places for members to develop and use their God given gifts. Discovering and developing God’s gifts for people is not an end in itself. The ministry for which people are gifted is on a large scale, taking its place within and outside a church, even extends throughout the God’s world. The black church is the one place in our community where people come together and pool their resources to better minister to the church and the community (1993, 54). There are mutual ministries among church members as accepting, loving, available, supportive, and accountable community of faith. Out of the church’s boundaries, church leaders respond to human need by teaching love and hope, empowering the powerless, uplifting the poor, restoring creation, confronting all that harms persons and creation, and reconciling persons to God and one another. People note different implications for churches because the growth of effective leaders is grounded in a churchs vision of its ministry, a declaration of that vision needs not only to be created, but also acted on. Churchs involvements within and outside of the church provides a map of leadership opportunities by providing a starting point for selecting and developing leaders. COMMUNITY BEHAVIOR African American spirituality has woven collectively the best of African Anglo cultures to creatively shape their own African American identity. While black peoples have not been socially, politically or economically free in the history, the practice of spirituality has facilitated the development of different forms of cultural and spiritual freedom by interpreting, transcending and embracing, the constraints of an oppressive culture. Furthermore, the development of their own beliefs, norms, forms, practices, and structures has given rise to a culture and life that is a distinctive form of human survival, existence, and, freedom most importantly. The black churches as the centers of freedom influenced the praxis of African-American spirituality. They have become safe places where blacks gathered to embrace their combined concerns as a community of faith. They have been the only institutions in the African American experience that has continued relative independence from the domesticating influence of white pressure and overlords. Some black churches consider may be the last place to see integration due to the need to maintain a power base not available to black people elsewhere. After reviewing some aspects of worship as the context for cultural and spiritual freedom, black preaching in and out sides of the black churches are one of the most powerful expressions of freedom for black people in America. The ability to produce a soul language that defines truth into systems of meaning gives power and purpose to black people. Subsequently, Black community successfully adopts and adapts the structures of the much larger culture for their own purpose this practice comes from a double consciousness or translating. African Americans translated the experience of one kind to that of another which leading them to freedom. Therefore, black people spirituality gave freedom to the spirit and mind that the external condition could not take away. The religious approach is due to a deep faith in the sacredness of life that reaffirmed a personal dignity in blacks which resulted in the practice of nonviolence and mercy. Black community determines themselves how they responded to oppression. Various forms expressing improvisation and innovation from black soul forces constituted black culture. These forms under the subtitles black music, literature, humor, folk tales, sports, art and dance; and their worship forms under the headings of prayer, shouting, healing, dancing, singing praising and instrumental music transformation, teaching and preaching. These forms express that what is true and valuable will be determined by black community itself and will subvert and defy attempts of the larger culture to discern.

Dorothea Dix Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Dorothea Dix – One of the Great Women of the 1800s Once in a while a truly exceptional person has made a mark on the growth of mankind. Dorothea Dix was an exceptional woman. She wrote children’s books, she was a school teacher, and she helped reform in prisons. Some of her most notable work was in the field of making mental health institutions a better place for the patients that lived in them. Dorothea Dix gave a great deal to humanity and her achievements are still being felt today, especially in the treatment of those with mental disabilities. Dix started out though with very humble beginnings. Dorothea Dix was born in Hampden, Maine in 1802. Her mother was not very mentally stable and her dad was an abusive alcoholic. The Dix moved from Maine to Vermont just before the British War of 1812. Then, after the war they moved to Worcester, MA. While in Worcester, the Dix had two more children, both boys. The family would eventually break apart because of the mother’s mental state and the father’s drinking.1 Dorothea Dix and her two brothers ended up moving to Boston to live with their grandmother on their father’s side Dorothea Lynde, who was the wife of Dr Elijah Dix.2 Dix helped with the rearing of her brothers as she had done in her parents’ home. The grandmother tried to instill her Puritan ways of Boston’s wealthy into Dix’s mind. Grandmother Dix tried to turn young Dorothea into a nice proper girl from Boston, but that wasn’t in the cards for young Dix. The grandmother had given her dancing lessons and even her own private seamstress. Dix was not into this style of life and she would give some of her clothes away, and food to the poor; which had infuriated her grandmother. This angered the grandmother enough to send youn... ... Patterson Smith, 1967 Gollaher, David. Voice for the Mad: The Life of Dorothea Dix, New York. Free Press. 1995 Marshall, H.E. . Dorothea Dix, forgotten Samaritan. Chapel Hill. University of North Carolina Press. 1937

American Son

On one hand, Globalization created an anatomy of modernity and pleasurable living taking us on the route of development spree, yet on the other hand this very Globalization created paradoxical complex situations in the lives of our young ones. These young ones who on one hand want to break all the cords of conventional thoughts and ideological patterns that were dominating in their societal world and on the other hand want to enter into the world shown to them by the materialistic society of today.Children’s dreams and images of the glamorous world shown to them in the American society are enough to turn their versatile mind towards the fulfillment of realization of their goals. But more and more children from different parts of the world trying to follow the ideals of the glamour and power showered on them by Hollywood, more and more they find themselves entangled into the web of unsuccessful endeavors resulting in lashing against each other. This very preposterous position o f their duplicate life faced by the children has been captured in the intricate words of â€Å"American son†.The novel revolves around Filipino immigrants, and the effect that the American culture in Globalization world have on them, the problems they are facing in searching their own identity and the violent effects on them resulting from the racism. The attraction of the children for the materialistic goods, their desire for luxurious life and the lack of familial bond they had to face take them to the path of crime coaxing them for stealing and coveting.Globalization brought the glamour world into the souls of the generation next coaxing them into following unattainable ideals of the fashionable world, and when success remains aloof from these young Filipino Americans, they resort to crime and violence. The society of Filipino American youths so revealed in 1993 in California by Brian Roley reflects the â€Å"underbelly of the modern immigrant experience† (back cove r). The dilemma of the Filipino youths is seen through the eyes of Gabrielito Sullivan, fifteen-year-old American boy.He was a boy who was born and brought up by white father and Filipino mother. The whole family strove to maintain a balance between their traditional values raised by the voice of Uncle Betino in the Philippines through his letters and the attractions of the genre class of the American society, living in West LA. Gabrielito, nickname Gabe, his mother, and his older brother Tomas, emigrated to America almost ten years before, had to fight at every stage of their life to regain their identity in the multifarious city of Los Angles.They had to rely on menial or dead end jobs away from their families, as seen by Rhacel Parrenas, â€Å"partial citizenship, the pain of family separation, the experience of contradictory class mobility, and the feeling of social exclusion or non-belonging in the migrant community† (Parrenas, 12), speak volume of the sufferings they ha d to go through and the trauma of the violent acts they had to face due to poverty that had put all the concepts of Globalization lay bare. Gabe did not see his father, since the day he got drunk and returned from his station in Germany.He still remembered that darkest phase of his life when his father thrashed the children and â€Å"making fun of Filipinos and her family,† the father told Tomas that he only married their mom because â€Å"he wanted someone meek and obedient, but had been fooled because she came with a nagging extended family. † (Roley 24) When his father left the home, Gabe’s mother would often call up her brother in the Philippines to seek his advice on how she should bring her children up.She would often receive letters from Uncle Betino to send her sons’ back to Philippines to imbibe in them â€Å"some of the Asian virtues of [the] family heritage. † (Roley 201) These letters did not allow Gabe’s mother to come out of he r roots and neither allowed her to fully assimilate herself in the American society. Even though economical hardships loomed large on her face, she still did not want to go back as she could not bear the heat, showers that spread smell, the insects, diseases, and relatives who make â€Å"tsismis about each other behind their backs† (Roley 33).Tomas tried to reconcile himself into the American family and defying the racist and discriminatory attitude by showing his masculinity. He would often end up in the family parties with â€Å"his muscles all covered in gangster tattoos and his head shaved down to stubble and his eyes bloodshot from pot. † (Roley 15) This character and personality adopted by Tomas spread the spark of rebel and violence against his own self and against the duplicate society. He was always finding himself in the company of tough Mexicans and his tattoos also postured the Mexican identity.â€Å"His tattoos are mostly gang, Spanish, and old-lady Catho lic,† Gabe observed, as he noted â€Å"the Virgin of Guadalupe tattoo that covers his back from his neck down to his pants. † (Roley 17) Tomas tried to use the stereotype and racists attitude of the society to fulfill his commercial gains. In his business of Dogs, he uses the language that signifies the stereotype image that is breathing in the American souls. He uses German language to sell his dogs and all to the â€Å"rich people and celebrities. † (Roley 15) He uses the tactic of story telling with nationalized concept to draw in the attention of his clients towards his dogs.He is often heard saying to his clients that his dogs have â€Å"pedigrees that go back to Germany, and that they descend from dogs the Nazis used [and that his training] is a Teutonic art that goes back to the Prussian war states. † (Roley 20) It’s only by proclaiming himself as Nazi that he is able to find himself recognized and legitimate citizen among high-class society of America. The most alluring part lies in the fact that all lies are easily taken for granted, as whole society is inflexed with racism. Since ages, Asian males had been subjected to mistreatment and exclusion laws.Their masculine power were thought of as a crime and considered as harmful for the whole society as they were thought of to be terminator of diseases, miscegenation and sexual corruption. Majority of the males were put to work considered as feminine in nature and were poorly paid and were represented in Media as hypersexual. In a bid to develop a viable his identity as a macho man, time and again, Tomas would succumb himself in violence and goes to an extent of beating his brother, whenever he looked at his subservient attitude.Though both Tomas and Gabe loved their mother but they would get frustrated at their helplessness and by the financial difficulties that they had to undergo and to overcome this Tomas involved himself in all petty crimes like assaulting others, br eaking into the houses of other people, and robbery. By the end of the novel, he took Gabe along with him for stealing the goods of other people and then again selling them only with a hope to increase their wealth and along with that the status of their mother. Tomas stole the items like brass sinks faucets and bathroom fittings and in exchange bought a new bed for her mother.Once in a house of Brentwood Park, Tomas told Gabe, â€Å"Look for the pearls. Or anything with gold on it. Forget the silver stuff. It wouldn't look good on her brown skin. † (Roley 147) As it was amply clear to them that their success and to make themselves recognized in a society, wealth is the most important and established proposition, in what ever way it is earned. To gain the status and position in American society, the most important qualification is how wealthy you are. And Tomas was following the same path.He was showering his love for mother by giving her all the wealthy possessions, which we re constantly figured in various forms of media like glossy magazines, television, film and advertisements attracting Filipino youths. Spending the life in a capitalist society surrounded with materialistic wealth but not having any thing for themselves, the lives of Filipino youths was just similar to a thirsty person surrounded with sea. It’s like water is everywhere but not a single drop to drink. In the social and political spheres that engulfed America in the nineteenth century it was impossible for them to earn money in a legitimate way.There were very few options left for them to earn the status and legitimacy among high and legendry class. In his quest to acquire wealth, Tomas became a hustler. As said by Mercer and Julien, â€Å"the figure of the hustler [†¦ ] is intelligible as a valid response to conditions of racism, poverty and exploitation, it does not challenge that system of oppression but rather accommodates itself to it: illegal means are used to attai n the same normative ends or ‘goals' of consumption associated with the patriarchal definition of the man's role as ‘breadwinner'†.(Mercer and Julien, 114) They think themselves as American Son only if they act violently. The violence and crime can only gratify them. They showed their aggressiveness by beating Ben, one of the schoolmates of Gabe, who was also, son of rich American woman. Ben threatened them to collect eight hundred dollars from their mother as she by mistake knocked at the woman’s land Cruiser, which was in front of their school. And while hurling the tire iron at Ben’s legs, Gabe thought that, â€Å"I feel a rush not of anxiety but of confidence.In a scary way I realize I like it. Strangely, that only makes my stomach worse. †(Roley 215) In the end of the story, when Tomas placed his hand over Gabe just like a father would do to his son, showed the volume of the self will power and reassurance they are giving to each other. Wi th the help of both criminal as well as legitimate ways, both the protagonists enabled themselves to get along with the ways of the world full of prejudice and disproportionate disposition.They may not be now trans-migrants like their mother, but they forgot their values and traditions and defied both court and law. The most crucial aspect of the novel is the inner conflict of the protagonists that arises from their own self and society that is shown in Gabe’s nature too who was earlier a submissive child but soon followed Tomas way of life. When beaten by his brother, his inner instinct told him to go and take revenge and so he took revenge on Tomas by stealing his car and dog.He then ran away to Northern California so that he can find himself get rid of his family and from his brother’s violent behavior towards him but his bonds for his family succumbed him to return and join Tomas. Today’s youths want to unleash the old conventional ways of life and grasp the wealth and power, and when they don’t get it they resort to crime. They want to ask questions and seek reliable answers from society and from their life, and when they do not get the answer they find their own way whether it is crime or other wise.This is a way of the world as they are the youths and sons of this world. WORKS CITED Mercer, Kobena and Isaac Julien. â€Å"Race, Sexual Politics and Black Masculinity: A Dossier. † Male Order: Unwrapping Masculinity. Ed. Rowena Chapman and Jonathan Rutherford. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1988. 97-164. Parrenas, Rhacel Salazar. Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration and Domestic Work. Stanford CA: Stanford UP, 2001. Roley, Brian Ascalon. American Son. New York: Norton, 2001

Reaction Time Essay

Summary This experiment aimed to determine the reaction time of the test participant and using the subtractive method identify the selection time and identification time of the participant. The experiments had one participant who participated in a total of 6 experiments; two experiments required a simple reaction with a single stimulus and 4 experiments that required a more complicated reaction. Keywords Subtractive method – the procedure of estimating the time it takes to perform various cognitive operations. Simple reaction – this reaction time task has a single stimulus and requires only a single reaction Choice reaction – In this reaction time task there are more than one stimulus and more than one response. Each stimulus has its own response. Donders A B and C reactions – In this reaction time task there is more than one stimulus but only one stimulus is linked with a response. Introduction Donders A B and C reactions have been used to determine the time it takes to perform cognitive operations for quite some time now. In these experiments we aimed to use light and sound stimuli in the react time tasks to determine individual base time, Identification time and selection time. Using one female college student (23 years) and one person recording the different reaction times. The experiments took place over a period of two days, with the first experiment taking place on one afternoon and the next 5 experiments a week later in the afternoon again. 2. Methods 2. 2 Apparatus and materials. One pen and paper to record reaction times, one Reaction task machine which came equipped with headphones for sound stimuli, a screen for visual stimuli and a panel of buttons colored red, yellow and green for responses. 2. 3 Procedure Pilot Test The participant stood on the reaction task side of the machine and put on the headphones after having been already instructed to press the red button when they heard both sound and visual stimulus. The observer then set the machine to pilot test, simple reaction test and selected the color red. The observer then gave a visual signal to the participant to let them know the experiment was about to begin. In this pilot test the participant was required to press the red button each time they saw the red light flash when it was accompanied with a voice that said red. At the end of a test a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The light and sound stimuli were given for a total of 20 times if the participant did not make any mistakes (that is pressed the red but only when both stimuli were given) then the pilot test was completed successfully, if not the machine would reset itself and would have to be set again and the test would be administered again. This stage was also a learning phase for both participants and observers as both were using this type of machine for the first time. Experiment 1. The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button each time they saw a red light. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected simple reaction and selected the color red. . There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 2 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed they were required to press the red button only when they saw the red light flash across the light panel. The participant was instructed not to press a button for any other colour. The observer then set the machine to real test, selected selection reaction and pressed the clear colour button as well as the red. . There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 3 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press the button that corresponded with the colour they saw flash across the screen i. e. see green light, press green button. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they saw the light the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 4 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press only the red button when they heard the high frequency sound. The observer then set the machine to real test, simple reaction test and selected high frequency sound. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 5 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pair of headphones after having been already instructed to press the red button only when they heard the high frequency sound. The observer then set the machine to real test, choice reaction test and selected all the frequencies. There was no signal given to the participant as to when exactly the experiment would begin by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer. Experiment 6 The participant stood on the test side of the machine and put on a pir of headphones after having been already instructed to press the button that corresponded with the frequency of sound they heard, i. e. high frequency= red button, middle frequency=green button and low frequency=yellow button. The observer then set the machine to real test, choice reaction test and selected all the frequencies. This time there was no hand signal given to the participant by the observer but they were told to be ready as soon as they heard the sound the experiment had begun. At the end of the experiment a hand signal was given by the observer to the participant to let them know the task was over. The stimulus that required a reaction in the experiment was given 19 times and the experiment was only complete if the participant made no mistakes. Each reaction time was noted by the observer.

Problem and Solution Essay

Problem and Solution Essay Problem and Solution Essay Problem and Solution Essay Problem and solution essay should include an analysis of the problem and offer effective and relevant solutions to the identified problems or areas of concern.   Thus, in addition to excellent writing skills, you need to have profound analytical and creative skills.   If you need help with starting or writing your problem and solution essay, do not hesitate to request individualized writing assistance at .com. Our team of writers is online 24/7 and, therefore, your essay will be written from scratch within a very short period of time.   We deliver only original, customized essays written from scratch and free of plagiarism! By the way, our writing blog is absolutely free. Problem and Solution Essay Sample The importance of this phase of the inquiry is attested by the fact that, according to official statistics, a large percentage of persons arrested for crime, who are entitled, therefore, to be produced before a magistrate, are released without being charged. Studies of large samples of arrests in different jurisdictions have indicated that somewhere between 44 and 48 per cent of those arrested have been released without being charged before a magistrate. It is clear that many persons accused and detained should not have been placed under arrest. In order to avoid illegal arrest and detention, the authorities frequently hold suspects as material witnesses. Occasionally this detention is very prolonged. The prevailing practices of police and prosecution partially explain the weakened role of the preliminary and grand jury hearings; at these hearings the prosecutor merely brings out what he has been able to discover in secret process. Police and prosecution practices also account largely for the very high proportion of criminal cases that are settled on pleas of guilty to a lesser charge; the prosecutor has usually secured such pleas through interrogations conducted by his office with the aid of the police. Abuses that sometimes occur have prompted a number of authorities to recommend that a system of judicial inquisition similar to that employed on the Continent should be adopted here, thus ensuring the establishment of rules and protections to guide the processes of interrogation and charge. Thus the original inquiry into guilt might become primarily a function of the magistrate, guided by established principles of justice and humanity to the suspect. Failing this, it has been prop osed that a recording of the police interrogation, with or without a filming of the process, should be required as evidence that the procedure has been fair and without coercion. Usually these suggestions have met with intense opposition both from police and prosecutor's offices. It may well be argued that the police require greater freedom of some sorts in making arrests and in securing evidence than the law provides and that the prosecution should be allowed more time to interrogate and to gather evidence. The fundamental fact is, however, that under a system that strives toward justice under law, policy and practice should be guided firmly by the law and not by expedience or by the erratic whims of administrative conscience. It has been recommended that state laws should be changed to permit the police to detain any suspect for a period of two hours without being required to show cause and to frisk where there may be no basis for arrest. Problem and Solution Essay Custom Writing Are you ready to spend hours reading and writing your problem and solution essay?   If yes, good luck in your writing!   We offer a better solution - customized essay writing service. With our help, you get a custom essay written from scratch. Placing an order at our site, you receive original and plagiarism free problem and solution essay written especially for you!

Cell Physiology Essays

Cell Physiology Essays Cell Physiology Paper Cell Physiology Paper Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion: Two variables that affect the rate of diffusion are size and concentration gradient. The molecular size vs the MWCO size of the membrane can either increase, decrease, or prevent diffusion. The greater the concentration gradient the greater the diffusion rate due to molecules moving from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? My prediction was correct. The molecular weight of urea is 60. 07 and is to great to pass through the 20MWCO membrane. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? My prediction was correct in this experiment. Knowing that glucose is a monosaccharide, it is of size to diffuse through a 200MWCO membrane. Albumin being a protein is dense with 607 amino acids and an average molecular weight of 135g/mole is not going to diffuse through the 200MWCO membrane. During the experiment the left solute glucose at 9. 00 passed through the 200MWCO membrane at a rate of 0. 0042. The albumin did not diffuse through the membrane. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea: In order from smallest to largest is sodium chloride, urea, glucose, and largest albumin. Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs: Facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion being that no energy is required for diffusion to take place. One way the two are different is that with facilitated diffusion a carrier protein is transporting molecules to diffuse. The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? The rate increased because more carriers were available to transport the glucose for diffusion. If the molecule concentration is to high with not enough carriers, the carriers will become saturated. My predication was correct. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl? might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? During the experiment I predicted Na+Cl- would decrease the rate of glucose transport. I thought this because i figured more molecules would decrease the rate like an idiot. After the experiment and seeing glucose transported just the same it dawned on me, carriers are specific to the molecule they are transporting and that facilitated diffusion occurs from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. The Na+Cl- had no affect on the glucose transport rate. Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure Explain the effect that increasing the Na+Cl? concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the Na+Cl- increased the osmotic pressure in the left beaker. This happened because no net movement of water was possible. Water can pass through mostly any sized pore of a membrane back and forth. With osmosis water moves towards solutes. Increase in solutes will cause increase in volume and therefore the pressure in the more concentrated area increased. My prediction was right. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different: Osmosis is similar to diffusion in that it moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. It differs in osmosis occurs through a selectively permable membrane. Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, â€Å"Water chases milliosmoles. † Water moves toward solutes and solutes are measured in milliosmoles. The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction ? _The results of this activity was increased osmotic pressure above left beaker containing albumin with no net movement of water and the right beaker containing glucose had net movement of water and reached equilibrium. The pressure increased above the left beaker because the albumin was unable to diffuse causing more volume of water to the beaker with more solute therefore causing increased osmotic pressure. My prediction was correct. _ Activity 4: Simulating Filtration Explain in your own words why increasing the pore size increased the filtration rate. Use an analogy to support your statement. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the pore size of the membrane increased the filtration rate because the size of the membrane determines what will pass through. Filtration is a passive process and that contributes to it as well. If the fluid has solutes that will not pass through the membrane pore, it is going to take longer for the fluid to pass through the membrane and around the solutes so to say. My example would be draining pasta. The smaller the holes in the strainer the longer it is going to take for the fluid to make its way around the pasta, through the holes, and out the strainer. If the holes in the strainer are larger the fluid will pass through at a higher rate. My prediction was correct. Which solute did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes? Explain why. The powdered charcoal was the solute that did not appear in the filtrate using any of the membranes. I believe it is due to its size and molecular weight. Why did increasing the pressure increase the filtration rate but not the concentration of solutes? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Increasing the pressure increased the filtration rate and not the concentration of solutes because filtration occurs from areas of higher pressure to lower pressure. The greater the pressure the faster the filtration. It will not change the concentration of solutes because the MWCO determines that. I did not predict this one accuratley. Activity 5 : Simulating Active Transport Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. Three sodium ions are ejected from the cell for every two potassium ions entering in the cell. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your prediction? There was no sodium transport because there were no potassium ions to replace there exiting of the cell. My prediction was correct. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Sodium and potassium movement is independant of other solutes. My prediction was correct. Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your answer. I think glucose is transported by facilitated diffusion because it does not require active transport and moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Taylor Is an English Occupational Name for a Tailor

Taylor Is an English Occupational Name for a Tailor Taylor is an English occupational name for a tailor, from Old French tailleur for tailor which comes from the Latin taliare, meaning to cut.  Taylor may also be an Americanized version of one of the several European surnames that derive from the occupation of a  tailor, including Schneider (German), Szabà ³ (Hungarian), Portnoy (Russian), Krawiec (Polish) and Kleermaker (Dutch). The biblical meaning of Taylor translates to clothed with salvation and the name means eternal beauty. Learn about Taylors Americanized name, alternate surname spellings along with popular people who have the surname. Popular Baby Name Taylor is among the most commonly found surnames, due to its popularity as a medieval occupation.  Its surname origin being  English,  the given name Taylor ranked #24 in a list of most popular baby names by the U.S. Social Security Administration in the year 2007. It is a gender-neutral name used for both girls and boys in the United States, England, Wales, Canada and more. Alternate Surname Spellings TaylaTaylerTailourTaylourTailleurTailorTayloeTyler Famous People With the Surname James Taylor: Popular American singer/songwriterZachary Taylor: Twelfth President of the United StatesJohn Baxter Taylor: First African American Olympic gold medalist Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their Meanings: Smith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Taylor Family Genes DNA Surname Project: Join other Taylor males and females in sorting out the various Taylor ancestral lines worldwide through Y Chromosome and DNA genetic testing.Taylor Family Genealogy Forum: Search this popular genealogy forum for the Taylor surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Taylor query.FamilySearch - TAYLOR Genealogy: Find records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Taylor surname and its variations.TAYLOR Surname Family Mailing Lists: RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Taylor surname. References and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD, Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Normative Ethics or Collective Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Normative Ethics or Collective Action - Essay Example eting by the European Union to check its policies on renewable energy and to ensure that the members were in conformity with the Kyoto protocol (Smith, and Katrina 85). During a recent visit to Gravelines nuclear power plant in located in northern France, ranked the 5th largest globally, the president went further to renew France’s commitment to nuclear industry and gave post Fukushima nuclear fears safety a description as irrational and medieval. Particularly, the president never mentioned anybody but it is hardly difficult to guess the real person he was referring to. It was by no means the president triggered a salvo over Germany’s nuclear power moves and its chancellor, the renowned Angela Merkel. At some point she refused to put her hand to Siemen’s request to have a stake in Avera, one of French’s nuclear group; this was basically due to the fact that Germany as a nation had imposed a moratorium on nuclear power. According to officials, German’s option to shut down all its nuclear power plants in a decade will definitely make Germany to be more dependent on fossil fuels, need imported atomic power and increase emission of carbon. Germany then will be more reliant on imports and fossil fuels and the nation’s electricity will be much expensive and more harmful to the environment. Households in Germany pay twice more for power than homesteads in France; eighty per cent of electricity originates from atomic power plant. At the same time, Germany announced that of all the 17 reactors, none shall remain opened come the year 2022, going against the plan steered through parliament in the previous year to prolong the plant’s activities by an average of twelve years. The chancellor argues that the Fukushima massacre, the worst crisis since the year 1986, led her to give it a second thought to give support for nuclear power plants in Germany. Germany and France are great nations, in as much as disaster may occur; it should not make a nation embark on

Chapter 16 Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 16 Discussion - Essay Example This is because the market value in the Nine Mile’s side is backed up by evidence, and Lewis must also argue his case by providing concrete evidence to back up his case, and contradict Nine Mile. The evidence bout market value has already been established to be decisive. This followed the fact that Nine Mile met its burden in that case, while Lewis had no evidence. The summary judgment motion favors the Nine Mile Mine. To start with, Lewis lacks sufficient equipment for the job. Although this should have been accounted for before signing the contract, lack of market value evidence or any other evidence to back Lewis’s lawsuit favors the Nine Mile. Lack of sufficient equipment meant that Nine Mile faced loss threats. On the other hand, Lewis was not said to have an alternative means of meeting the loss. Therefore, the summary judgment motion favors the Nine Mile by great margin prior to the evidence provided. Lewis on the other hand holds no position to qualify for lost profits or consequential damages that would result from the signed

International Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Human Rights - Essay Example Responsible social behavior could have minimized the scale of the recession; businesses have to learn that maybe, the only thing that is important is the bottom line, that there is an interconnectivity with other factors within and beyond the business environments (Amnesty International, 2008). International co-operations have been accused of gross human rights abuse when they are established abroad more so in third world countries where poverty levels are high. This is because poverty drives workers in these countries to work extremely long hours for minimal wages under deplorable working conditions. This is exploitation at its worst and the governments tend to turn a blind eye because they benefit from the presence of such companies (Amnesty International, 2008). A group that has fallen prey often times to exploitation by corporations are illegal migrants and refugees. Rooted from their own homes in foreign lands where they cannot rely on the government for assistance, these are a vulnerable group. Their only target is survival and since most live in abject poverty, they are willing to work for extremely low wages just to help them get by. This is most unfortunate because migrant populations do contribute to the economies of the countries where they are hosted. Hence, equal working rights for migrants and fighting other discriminations of migrants should be made a priority (UNOG, 2008)2. Another challenge to upholding human rights where transnational corporations and other business enterprises are concerned is the dire poverty mostly inexperienced in third world countries where poverty drives people to accept any kind of work. It is known that multinational corporations that are involved in labor intensive industries choose to do locate their factories where wages are much lower for unskilled workers. Furthermore, those living in countries where there is extreme poverty also do without basic human rights

History of Cities and their Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Cities and their Architecture - Essay Example Philip Johnson developed one of the chairs for his collection. Mies van der Rohe designed Barcelona Pavilion, which was developed from German Pavilion, during international exposition that was in Barcelona Spain. It was constructed with the aim of demonstrating modern movement of architecture of the world (Curtis, 2008). The building was originally named a Germany pavilion, as it was the expression of Germany after the First World War to indicate the culture of the country that is still rooted in the classical history. The pavilion was built with an aim of hosting King Alphonso XIII of Spain and officials from Germany during the time of exposition (Curtis, 2008). As compared to other buildings at the exposition, Mies understood that work he did as just a building and he did not aim in housing art or any sculpture. The building was just designed to place tranquility and escape from exposition, which was then to transform the pavilion into an inhabitable statue. By raising the pavilion on a plinth in conjunction with the narrow profile of the site, the Barcelona Pavilion has a low horizontal orientation that is accentuated by the low flat roof that appears to float over both the interior as well as the exterior. The furniture of the building also exhibits the duality of modernism and classicism. The now iconic Barcelona chair and ottoman were designed specifically for the Barcelona Pavilion. The Barcelona building served as a reception place for the King and Queen of Spain. After the exhibition in which the pavilion intended was closed, the resembling of the pavilion was in 1930. As time went, the pavilion became a key point not only to Mies but also to other architectures that operated in the 20th century. In 1980, there was setting of project by Oriol Bohigas who was the head of planning department to ensure that there was

Exclusive interview with E. H. Sutherland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exclusive interview with E. H. Sutherland - Essay Example The theory also had a structural element positing that conflict and social disorganization are the underlying causes of crime because they determine the patterns of people associated with. This latter element was dropped when the fourth edition was published in 1947. But he remained convinced that social class was a relevant factor, coining the phrase white-collar criminal in a speech to the American Sociological Association on December 27, 1939. In his 1949 monograph White-Collar Crime he defined a white-collar crime as approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. Sutherland's Response. Criminology is a fascinating field and because of my curious nature and natural passion for intrigue. I joined this profession and as you are already aware that the distinctive feature of criminology since the 1930s has been the dominance of sociology among the various disciplines studying crime and criminal justice. My humble contributions to the sociology of crime and delinquency came from his teaching, scholarship, and involvement in criminal justice policy and this field has helped me to pioneer, innovate and provide significant contributions to the study of organized crime, prisons, and criminological theory. I have also made central and lasting contributions to the sociology of criminal law and white collar crime and my ideas in each of these areas are reviewed to produce a portrait or profile of what he added to criminology, to remind those who know it already and also to those who have no knowledge about this field. Q2 Being an expert criminologist do you think that money and greed are the reasons w

History of Cities and their Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

History of Cities and their Architecture - Essay Example Philip Johnson developed one of the chairs for his collection. Mies van der Rohe designed Barcelona Pavilion, which was developed from German Pavilion, during international exposition that was in Barcelona Spain. It was constructed with the aim of demonstrating modern movement of architecture of the world (Curtis, 2008). The building was originally named a Germany pavilion, as it was the expression of Germany after the First World War to indicate the culture of the country that is still rooted in the classical history. The pavilion was built with an aim of hosting King Alphonso XIII of Spain and officials from Germany during the time of exposition (Curtis, 2008). As compared to other buildings at the exposition, Mies understood that work he did as just a building and he did not aim in housing art or any sculpture. The building was just designed to place tranquility and escape from exposition, which was then to transform the pavilion into an inhabitable statue. By raising the pavilion on a plinth in conjunction with the narrow profile of the site, the Barcelona Pavilion has a low horizontal orientation that is accentuated by the low flat roof that appears to float over both the interior as well as the exterior. The furniture of the building also exhibits the duality of modernism and classicism. The now iconic Barcelona chair and ottoman were designed specifically for the Barcelona Pavilion. The Barcelona building served as a reception place for the King and Queen of Spain. After the exhibition in which the pavilion intended was closed, the resembling of the pavilion was in 1930. As time went, the pavilion became a key point not only to Mies but also to other architectures that operated in the 20th century. In 1980, there was setting of project by Oriol Bohigas who was the head of planning department to ensure that there was

Economic Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Economic Development - Essay Example He challenges traditional economic theories to justify a more aggressive, humane and generous funding formula to benefit the worlds poorest nations. As rightly quoted in his book Development as Freedom; Freedom is both constitutive of development and instrumental to it. Instrumental freedoms include political freedom, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency, and security, which are all different but inter-connected. Economic needs are considered by some to be more important than political freedoms, but the opposition is, Sen argues, mostly illusory. He also reminds us that democracy, as well as being an end in itself, plays an instrumental role in giving people a voice and a constructive role in shaping values and norms. "Political rights, including freedom of expression and discussion, are not only pivotal in inducing social responses to economic needs, they are also central to the conceptualization of economic needs themselves." (Amartya 2001) Amartya Sen views the ultimate goal of development as maximising people’s freedom to lead the lives they wish within the context of society. Political freedom and civil rights have importance of their own. Their value to the society does not have to be indirectly established in terms of their contribution to economic growth or other such economic or social achievements. Politically unfree citizens are deficient in freedom even if they happen to enjoy a very high level of income. Freedoms can be of many different kinds. In Development as Freedom, he tried to make the task more manageable by classifying diverse freedoms into five different categories, namely: economic empowerment, political freedoms, social opportunities, protective security and transparency guarantees, There is nothing particularly sacrosanct about this classification, but it does cover the ground. Political freedoms and transparency guarantee particularly in the form

Health Care Spending Essay Example for Free

Health Care Spending Essay Healthcare is a very important sector in the countries around the world. The countries and the government always keep some money in their budget in relation to the health care activities in their countries. In the United States of America also, there are certain provisions in relation to the health care. The paper shall discuss about the health care spending in relation to United States of America. It shall discuss about the current level of health care expenditure in United States of America. There are shall be a lot of discussion in relation to the fact that whether the expenditure on health care in United States of America is appropriate or not. It shall also discuss about the manner in which the health care needs of the people in United States of America are paid by the government. In the end of the paper, there shall be a forecast in relation to the health care spending in United States of America. All the above said things shall be discussed in detail in the current paper. The government of United States of America has made a lot of provisions in relation to the expenditure of health care facilities in United States of America. In the United States of America, the health care spending has been increasing continuously (Hawe, 2008). There have been a lot of funds kept by the government of United States of America in its budget in relation to the health care services. In the year 1990, the expenditure made by the government of United States of America in relation to the health care spending was $714 million. Since then, the amount of expenditure on health care has increase to $2. 3 trillion. This is around 3 times of what it was in the year 1990. The government of United States of America is spending around 16% of its total gross domestic production on providing the health care facilities to the people. It is estimated that around $7600 are spent by the government of United States of America for each and every resident in the country. In this way, it can be said that the expenditure in relation to health care in United States of America is quite good and the country is taking adequate steps for making sure that adequate health care facilities are provided to the people in a proper and appropriate manner. The health care spending of the United States of America is the highest all around the world. There is no problem with the extent of money spend by the country towards the health care. Other countries around the world are also spending some money towards the health care but the expenditure made by the government of United States of America is the highest. Currently the expenditure incurred in United States of America towards is adequate and appropriate. It has to increase only with the increase in population. According to the per capita expenditure, the current expenditure in the country towards the healthcare is appropriate. When the country makes the budget in relation to the health care expenditure, then it has to take care that adequate expenditure is incurred on each and every activity related to health care. The government of United States of America should make sure that it spends appropriate expenditure on each and every area of the health care. The expenditure should be more on the critical areas and it should be reduced on the areas which are not very difficult to handle for the government. The government of United States of America should make sure that it increases the expenditure of the health insurance of those people which are not in a position to afford the costs for themselves (U. S. Health Care Costs, n. d. ). The government should also increase the expenditure in relation to the funds provided to the health care organizations for providing the benefits to the poor people in the United States of America. The government of United States of America should also increase the expenditure in relation to some specific and high risk diseases such as Cancer, Aids etc. If the expenditure shall be reduced in relation to the above said activities then, there is a possibility that the people in United States of America shall be benefitted to a very high extent. Other than the above areas, there are certain areas in which the government of United States of America should look to reduce the expenditure. The cost on some of the areas in the health care should not be reduced to the extent it hampers the health care services. If there is a requirement to reduce the health care costs then, these should be reduced only till the services are not affected in a negative manner. The areas in which unnecessary costs are incurred by the government should be recognized and the costs should be reduced in those areas. In the United States of America, there are adequate sources used for the purpose of financing the health care services in the country. In the country, the funding for the health care services is done together by the government and the non government agencies in the country. While preparing the budget, the government of United States of America keeps a percentage of funds in relation to providing the health care services to the people who are in need and also the people which are not able to have the health care insurance for themselves. Other than the government of United States of America, there are various other forms of associations which work for the purpose of providing the health care services to the people. They not only provide the health care services but also provide the financial for the insurance of the patients. There are few programs also in relation to the same. The programs include Healthcare Facilities Accreditation Program, Community Health Accreditation Program and various other programs. The health care finance in the United States of America are funded by the above said facilities and things. In the United States of America, the government and the non government associations share 50% of the expenditure each. In this way, there is a proper sharing the expenditure. For the last few years, the healthcare expenditure in United States of America has been increased considerably at an increasing rate. It is expected that the healthcare expenditure in United States of America shall increase in the same rate as it was increasing earlier (Scambler, 2008). In the year 2007, the health care expenditure in United States of America was $2. 2 trillion. This amount increased to $2. 3 trillion in the financial year 2008. In this way, there was a definite increase in the health care expenditure in the two years. It is expected that the health care expenditure will grow even more. In the year 2013, the healthcare expenditure is expected to reach the figure of $3 trillion and in the year 2017, it is expected that the health care expenditure shall reach the figure of $4. 3 trillion. In this way, it can be said that there is a forecast of increased expenditure on health care in the years to come. The chart below provides the forecast for health care in a proper manner. This chart is showing the healthcare expenditure in United States of America. The government of United States of America is spending a lot of money on the healthcare services in the country. With the kind of expenditure, the government of United States of America is spending on the health care facilities in the country, it can be said that the government is spending sufficient amount of money on the health care facilities.

A1 Steak Sauce Case Study

A1 Steak Sauce Case Study Chef Brookes of England originally created A1 Steak Sauce in 1824. He was chef to King George IV of England with his partner Chef Henderson Brand. Legend has it the king was so delighted with the sauce that he declared it A1 and thus the name was born (Kerin Peterson, 2010). In 1830, Chef Brand stole the recipe from Chef Brookes and began commercial production under the Brand Co. label in 1831 (Wikipedia, 2011). Today, A1 Steak Sauce is owned and manufactured by Kraft Foods (Kerin Peterson). It is the leader in the steak sauce category with a 54 percent dollar share and 46 percent volume share (Kerin Peterson, 2010). It has high brand awareness and asserts, Nine out of ten steak houses serve A1 (Kerin Peterson, 2010). This case will provide a summary and analysis of A1 Steak Sauce with an emphasis on pricing strategies as well as an assessment of the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Problem Identification Summer holidays such as Memorial Day and Forth of July are essential for steak sauce brands because this is when a significant percentage of products are sold. Approximately 10 percent of A1 Steak Sauce volume is sold during each holiday week (Kein Peterson, 2010). During these holidays, advertising competition is intense because retailers support only one brand in a particular category during a promotional week (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Lawrys, a direct competitor to A1, is promoting a new steak sauce product beginning April 2003 (Kerin Peterson, 2010). They want to aggressively advertise the new product with Publix on Memorial Day (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Publix is the largest grocery store chain in the United States (Kerin Peterson, 2010). A1 usually advertises with Publix on Memorial Day because this results in a majority of product sale. If Lawrys is allowed to advertise with Publix, then A1 will not meet its 2003 fiscal profit target. Chuck Smith, senior brand manager for A1, scheduled a meeting with his business team to assess the situation and formulate a plan (Kerin Peterson, 2010). They will discuss marketing and pricing strategies in response to Lawrys new product introduction. A1 wants to retain position as market leader in the steak sauce category. Case Analysis Kraft Foods is the largest food company in the United States and the second largest food company in the world (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Kraft Foods has a portfolio of 67 major brands, each with over $100 million in annual sales (Kerin Peterson). Their portfolio includes categories such as coffee, frozen pizza, cheese, candy, cereal, mayonnaise, and barbecue sauce (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Kraft Foods direct competitors include Unilever, General Mills, PepsiCo, and Nestle (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Unilever is the largest consumer product company in the world, which owns and manufactures Lawrys (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Kraft Foods and Unilever aggressively compete in several food categories such as salad dressings, mayonnaise, and marinades (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Unilever has $50 billion in sales annually (Kerin Peterson, 2010). The company portfolio includes products such as Dove, Slim-Fast, Vaseline, Close-Up, Breyers, and Axe (Unilever, 2011). The companys financial goal is for 200 of their brands to have $1 billion in annual sales (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Although Unilevers revenue is $18,547 million more than Kraft Foods, their income after taxes is $957 million less than Kraft Foods (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Kraft Foods spends 15 percent of operating revenue on advertising (Kerin Peterson, 2010). A1 advertising focuses on television spots running throughout the year (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Customer promotions make up five percent of operating revenue (Kerin Peterson, 2010). In addition, A1 supports a partnership with beef producers (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Retail margins are 30 percent for all A1 flavors (Kerin Peterson, 2010). A1 has increased its price over the years and has a gross profit margin of 83 percent (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Ten percent of revenue goes towards in-store promotional efforts and trade promotions (Kerin Peterson, 2010). The retail price for A1 Steak Sauce is $4.99 for a 10-ounce bottle (Kerin Peterson, 2010). The A1 line includes a number of flavors, which are original, sweet tangy, bold spicy, thick hearty, and smoky mesquite (Kerin Peterson, 2010). The majority of sales are made of A1 original flavor (Kerin Peterson, 2010). The retail price for Lawrys Steak Sauce is $3.99 for an 11-ounce bottle (Kerin Peterson, 2010). However, Lawrys is not A1s biggest competitor. The retail price for A1s biggest competitor, Heinz 57, is $4.79 for a 10-ounce bottle but the product is different in taste and appearance (Appendix A). Heinz does not market directly against A1; instead, they advertise a multifaceted brand message (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Lawrys Steak Sauce will place enormous marketing weight to promote its new product (Kerin Peterson, 2010). The company will allocate $20 million on advertising during the summer months (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Although Lawrys shelf pricing is significantly lower than A1 and Heinz, loyalty in steak sauce brand is high with limited competition (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Identifying the Root Problem Components A1 Steak Sauce has several issues that will affect marketing and pricing strategies. The issues are brand awareness, pricing strategies, product promotions, financial allocation for advertising, and fiscal profit margins. First, A1 Steak Sauce is the best selling brand in the category. It is the original steak sauce in the industry, which is dominated by a few competitors. The company holds 54 percent of the steak sauce in dollars (Kerin Peterson, 2010). The remaining competitors make up 46 percent of steak sauce dollars divided between them. Introduction of Lawrys may reduce A1s percentage instead of the remaining competitors percentage. Second, Publix may let Lawrys advertise on Memorial Day. Lawrys will offer a two-for-$5 promotional price point (Kerin Peterson, 2010). If Lawrys enters into an alliance with Publix, then revenue of A1 Steak sauce will significantly decrease. A1 sells about 10 percent of volume on Memorial Day weekend (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Third, it is standard practice that manufacturers cover the cost of in-store price reductions in order for retailers to keep their margins constant on a percentage basis (Kerin Peterson, 2010). Price matching is an option but will significantly decrease profit margins. In addition, existing customers may hold out purchasing A1 until the price drops again. Evaluation of Alternatives A1 Steak Sauce has several alternatives to evaluate, which are categorized as offensive or defensive strategies. Offensive strategies include encirclement, flanking maneuver, or frontal assault. Defensive strategies include decreasing the incentive for attack or increasing structural barriers. In addition, the company can formulate a novel marketing concept in reply to Lawrys. First, encirclement may immerse Lawrys with product availability, strategic pricing, and variety of flavors. Second, a flanking maneuver will attack Lawrys weakest area and capitalize from the strategy. Third, a frontal assault will cause A1 to price match and copy the promotions of Lawrys. A risky maneuver is to decrease the incentive for attack. A1 Steak Sauce will considerably drop its prices, which will slash Lawrys prospects of future revenue. However, it will decrease A1s prospects of future revenue as well. Increasing structural barriers will retard Lawrys marketing and advertising strategies. A1 Steak Sauce can enter into formal agreements with distributers and suppliers or be involved in backward vertical integration. A1 will try to decrease costs by increasing scale economies. The company can introduce new products into the market, which will arrest entry by competitors. A1 Steak Sauce can negotiate ideal shelf placement and sustain a greater percentage of space in the steak sauce category. The company can procure end cap displays, specifically near the meat and beef aisles. In addition, the company can collaborate with major restaurant chains to place A1 on every table and include it in the ingredients list. Consumers who are indifferent to steak sauce brand may purchase based on price alone. Acquiring new consumers will be financially advantageous because of loyalty to their brand. A1 Steak Sauce can offer samples of steak sauce in supermarket kiosks. Capturing the palate of new consumers through samples can result in longitudinal sales. SWOT Analysis (S)trengths A1 Steak Sauces high quality and brand awareness distinguishes it from the competition, which is limited to Heinz 57, Lawrys, and various private label brands. The company enjoys the largest percentage of market share in the steak sauce industry. A1 holds the title of being the original steak sauce in the industry. Consumers highly associate A1 with barbeque foods such as steak. Nine out of ten steak houses serve A1 (Kerin Peterson, 2010). (W)eaknesses A1 Steak Sauce is strongly associated with steak and not other meats. This makes brand extension difficult. Past efforts in brand extension were unsuccessful. A1 is used during meals that include hamburger and steak, which is infrequent. Combined with a small serving size, a bottle of A1 will last a considerable amount of time. (O)pportunities A1 Steak Sauce can strategically market and advertise during television cooking programs. There are dozens of cooking shows in addition to a television network. Forming partnerships with television shows will be paramount in successful brand awareness. A1 is available worldwide. The company can market and advertise in other countries and languages. This will guarantee brand awareness at an international level. (T)hreats A1 Steak Sauces most immediate threat is the introduction of Lawrys. A1 does not want to be runner-up on Memorial Day advertising. Lawrys offers an 11-ounce bottle of steak sauce for $3.99 compared to A1s 10-ounce bottle for $4.99. If beef prices continue to rise, consumers will be price-conscious on related condiments. Recommendation A1 Steak Sauce has a competitive advantage due to large profit margins, brand awareness, and availability at retail stores and restaurants. The large profit margin allows A1 to adjust their pricing strategies during the summer holidays. However, price matching can be sabotaging because existing consumers may hold out to purchase until the prices drop. Effective pricing strategies are essential for attracting new consumers to the A1 Steak Sauce brand. The company should advertise to new consumers because these individuals are more likely to purchase other brands. Offering a bundled package with meats will keep profit margins high and add to the appeal of a premier product. A core competency is A1s ability to have a recognized and distinguished brand position. Existing consumers are not likely to switch brands on one of the biggest grilling days of the year. Existing consumers enjoy the flavor of A1 and, therefore, will be skeptical experimenting with other brands. New consumers may purchase a steak sauce brand based solely on the lowest price. Capturing the palate of new consumers will be possible by offering samples of A1 Steak Sauce prior to the summer holidays. A1 has strong sustained relationships with retail stores and restaurants. This gives A1 priority in advertising during the summer holidays. In addition, if Lawrys advertises on Memorial Day but does not have expected sales, then retail stores will lose revenue as well. A1 Steak Sauce is the leading brand in the industry. The company can price it higher than its competitors due to its high quality and brand awareness. Decreasing the price will reduce the perception of quality, which is paramount to the brand.